His research centred on the tectonics, stratigraphy, and structural evolution of Proterozoic and Palaeozoic orogens, particularly the Scandinavian Caledonides, the Timanide Orogen of eastern Baltica, the Uralides, and the high Arctic from Svalbard to Severnaya Zemlya. Drawing on more than twenty field seasons in some of the world’s most challenging geological environments, he established key elements of the tectonostratigraphic framework of the Caledonian allochthons and advanced understanding of the collision between Baltica and Laurentia. Author of more than 130 peer-reviewed publications and editor of several influential volumes, he accumulated over 5,400 citations. His major works—including The Caledonide Orogen—Scandinavia and Related Areas (1985), The Neoproterozoic Timanide Orogen of Eastern Baltica (2004), European Lithosphere Dynamics (2006), and Earth System Science: Foundation for Sustainable Development (2008)—reflect the breadth of his scientific vision, linking deep-time tectonic evolution with broader questions of Earth-system science. His legacy continues to shape research into the geological evolution of northern Eurasia and the integrated study of the Earth system.